Lemon Growing in the Florida Home Landscape. Jonathan H. Crane. Scientific name: Citrus limon Burm. Common names: lemon, limone (Italian), limon (Spanish), limonen (German), citronnier (French), citroen (Dutch), limon France (Haitian), limon amaraillo (Puerto Rico).
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Family: Rutaceae. Origin: The lemon is thought to have evolved on the lower slopes of the Himalayan Mountains in eastern India (Davies and Albrigo, 1. Morton, 1. 98. 7). Molecular research indicates lemon originated from a cross of citron (C. C. aurantium) (Moore, 2. History: The lemon was introduced into southern Italy as early as 2. A. D. and spread to Iraq and Egypt by 7.
A. D. (Morton, 1. Lemon was widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean region by 1. A. D. and was cultivated in China between 7. A. D. Lemon was introduced by the Spanish to the island of Hispaniola in 1. St. Augustine, Florida (Jackson, 1. Sometime during 1. California. Distribution: Today lemons are grown commercially throughout the Mediterranean region including Spain, Italy, Morocco, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, and Israel.
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They are also grown in areas of the world with Mediterranean climates such as California and Chile and tropical areas such as Belize. Importance: Lemons are grown commercially in Guatemala, southern Mexico, Argentina, Chile and China. The top five lemon- producing countries are India, Argentina, Spain, Iran, and the United States (Anonymous, 2. In the United States, lemons are grown primarily in California (4. Arizona (1. 3,5. 00 acres) (Perez and Pollack, 2.
Florida (Anonymous, 2. Lemon imports into the United States generally peak during the summer when domestic crop availability is lowest (Anonymous, 2. Imports make up only 9 percent of lemon consumption in the United States. Fortunately, lemon consumption has been growing since the early 1.
Invasive potential: Lemon (Citrus limon) has not yet been assessed by the IFAS Invasive Plant Working Group on Non- Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. Lemon is not considered a problem species at this time, and may be recommended by IFAS faculty for planting. Caution: Two diseases may limit or eliminate the potential for successful lemon growing in the home landscape.
Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. Spann et al., 2. 00. Citrus greening (Huanglongbing/yellow shoot disease), caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter spp.
Diaphorina citri), infects a tree's phloem conducting tissues, killing sections of the tree and causing general decline, loss of fruit production, and eventually the death of the tree (Spann et al., 2. Description. Tree. The lemon tree is vigorous, upright, and spreading, with an open growth habit (Tucker and Wardowski, 1. Trees may reach 1.
Morton, 1. 98. 7). Leaves. The leaves are alternate, elliptic or long- ovate, 2. Reddish at first, they turn green as they grow (Morton, 1. Tucker and Wardowski, 1. Mature leaves are a paler green than orange leaves. Flowers. The flowers are solitary or in clusters in the leaf axils (Morton, 1. Tucker and Wardowski, 1.
Flower buds are reddish; the opened flowers have 4–5 petals and are 0. Flowers have 2. 0–4. Many flowers are sterile due to pistil abortion; fertility of flowers varies greatly from bloom to bloom and from season to season (Tucker and Wardowski, 1.
Under subtropical conditions in Florida, flower bud initiation occurs in November, and blooming may occur from late December into March (Tucker and Wardowski, 1. Trees may bloom again in June and November. Fruit. The fruit is oval, typically with a nipple- like apex at the stylar end, and ranges from 2. Morton, 1. 98. 7; Tucker and Wardowski, 1. Photograph 1). Fruit shape is influenced by temperatures, with fruit produced during summer and autumn relatively round, whereas winter and early spring fruit are oval (Davies and Albrigo, 1. Monselise et al., 1. The peel is light- yellow to yellow, 0.
Davies and Albrigo, 1. Jackson, 1. 99. 1). The pulp is divided into 8–1. Some fruits are seedless, most have a few seeds; seeds are small (0. The time from flowering to fruit harvest ranges from 4 to 1. Morton, 1. 98. 7; Tucker and Wardowski, 1. Fruit produced under more tropical climates tends to be larger and juicier and to contain more acid and peel oil compared to fruit produced under more Mediterranean (dry) conditions.
Figure 1. Photograph 1. Lisbon' lemon fruit and (b) lemon fruit size, pulp, and seeds. Photographs copyright, J. H. Crane, UF/IFAS, TREC, Homestead). Click thumbnail to enlarge.]Pollination. Lemon does not require cross pollination to set fruit although honey bees and other insects frequently visit the open flowers. Lemon types and varieties.
There are numerous lemon selections and cultivars that vary in tree vigor, thorniness, and fruit quality. In general, lemon fruit are high in total acidity (5–8%) and low in total soluble solids (7–9%) and may be seedy to seedless (Davies and Albrigo, 1. Jackson, 1. 99. 1). There are two ways to classify lemons, one based on species and the other on types of true lemons.
There are 3 major types of true lemons: Femminello, Verna, and Sicilian (Davies and Albrigo, 1. Femminello and Verna types are primarily grown in North Africa and Europe while Sicilian types are grown in the United States and South Africa (Davies and Albrigo, 1.
Sicilian types include 'Eureka' and 'Lisbon'. There are also several species and hybrids of fruit typically called lemon. These include 'Ponderosa' lemon (C. C. medica), 'Meyer' lemon (C. C. reticulata), rough lemon (C. C. limetta) (Jackson, 1. Morton, 1. 98. 7).
True lemon varieties include: 'Bearrs'. Selected in 1. 95. Bearrs Grove in Lutz, Florida (Morton, 1. Originally called 'Sicily', the tree is vigorous, thornless to nearly thornless, and tends to produce many water sprouts (Jackson, 1. The fruit is elliptical to oblong and prominently nippled at the apex, with a yellow, slightly rough peel (Morton, 1. The pulp is pale greenish- yellow and high in juice content. Bearrs' lemons have very acid, good quality juice, and few or no seeds.
The peel is rich in oil (Morton, 1. The fruit may be marketed for fresh fruit and used in juice production. Leaves, stems, and fruit are highly susceptible to scab and greasy spot.
The fruit is susceptible to oil spotting. Some clones of 'Bearrs' may have few to no thorns (Adams, 1.
Eureka'. From a seedling planted in Los Angeles, California in 1. Jackson, 1. 99. 1; Morton, 1.
The tree is non- vigorous, has a spreading, open growth habit. It is nearly thornless, cold sensitive, and relatively short- lived (Davies and Albrigo, 1. Tucker and Wardowski, 1.
The tree bears fruit year- round but the main season is in late winter, spring, and early summer. Fruit is often borne in large terminal clusters not protected by foliage. The fruit is elliptical to oblong, with a moderate nipple at the apex, usually 1. Morton, 1. 98. 7; Tucker and Wardowski, 1. The pulp is greenish- yellow, high in juice content, and very acid.
Fruit usually have 9 seeds or fewer (Davies and Albrigo, 1. The fruit is mainly marketed for fresh fruit.'Lisbon'. Lisbon' originated in Australia and was introduced from Portugal into the United States several times (Jackson, 1.
Morton, 1. 98. 7; Sauls and Jackson, 1. The tree is large, vigorous, densely foliated, thorny, prolific and tolerant of cold and high temperatures and wind conditions (Davies and Albrigo, 1.
Morton, 1. 98. 7). Short thorn clones are commonly grown (Tucker and Wardowski, 1. Fruit characteristics are very similar to those of 'Eureka', however the fruit is often borne on the inside of the tree canopy. The fruit is elliptical to oblong with a moderate nipple at the apex. It usually has 1. The peel is yellow and very slightly rough due to sunken oil glands (Morton, 1.
Tucker and Wardowski, 1. The pulp is greenish- yellow, high in juice content, and very acid.
Fruit usually has fewer than 9 seeds (Davies and Albrigo, 1. A number of other varieties have been propagated and grown to a small extent. Avon' is of unknown origin and was selected in 1. Jackson, 1. 99. 1; Tucker and Wardowski, 1. Trees are very productive and produce high quality fruit. Harvey', also of unknown origin, was selected in 1. Fruit characteristics are similar to those of 'Eureka'.
Villafranca' was introduced from Sicily in 1. Climatic adaptation. Lemons are best adapted to semiarid to arid subtropical or Mediterranean climates and are more tolerant of cold temperatures than lime trees (Davies and Albrigo, 1. Morton, 1. 98. 7; Sauls and Jackson, 1. The best fruit quality usually occurs along cool summer coastal areas. However, trees are susceptible to freezing temperatures: defoliated at 2. F (- 4. 4 to - 5.
C), severe wood damaged at 2. F (- 6. 7°C), flowers and young fruit are killed at 2. F (- 1. 7°C), and mature fruit damaged at 2. F to 3. 1°F (- 2. C to - 1. 8°C) (Castle, 1. Tucker and Wardowski, 1.
Fruit scarring is a problem in windy sites and fruit quality is improved with the use of wind breaks. Hot, humid production areas have more plant diseases (especially scab and red algae) and problems with fruit curing and storage than dry production areas.
Furthermore, fruit peel texture may be coarser or more puffy in humid production areas than in Mediterranean- type climates, and fruit grown in humid areas may lack bright color (Davies and Albrigo, 1. Jackson, 1. 99. 1). Propagation. Lemons are typically propagated by grafting or budding onto rootstocks. Recommended rootstocks vary with soil type (Castle, 1.
Trees planted on acid to neutral sandy soils do well on Swingle citrumelo and Changgsha mandarin. Trees to be planted in the high- p. H, calcareous soils of south Miami- Dade County should be grafted onto rough lemon (C.
C. macrophylla) (Tucker and Wardowski, 1. To reduce problems with phytophthora foot rot, trees should be grafted at 6 to 1. In areas where foot rot is not of major concern, trees may be propagated by large cuttings. Several selections or clones free of important diseases are available to nurserymen through the Florida Department of Agriculture Citrus Budwood Program.